Vol. Vol. 193, Annual Review of Law and Social Science 383 Vol. 326, Annual Review of Sociology - 479 25 2: 275, Annual Review of Political Science Vol. Vol. Yet recent scholarship has begun to make important inroads into this intersection. Vol. Vol. 545, Annual Review of Political Science - 1. 1: - 30: - 261, Annual Review of Political Science 2008). 71 - 205 Annual Review of Political Science 225 Although it may be too soon to declare a truce, one reason why tensions have subsided in the past decade and a half is that these debates in IR often took the form of a proxy war between insights from psychology and insights from economics, and economics has undergone a transformation of its own in the form of behavioral economics (Thaler 2016), a subfield defined by “efforts to incorporate more realistic notions of human nature into economics” (Rabin 2002, p. 674; for a review of behavioral economics in political science, see Wilson 2011). Joshua D Kertzer & Dustin Tingley, “Political Psychology in International Relations: Beyond the Paradigms” (2018) 21 Ann Rev Pol Sci 1. 1985). 21: 3: Evolutionary psychology suggests that, rather than consisting of an assorted array of heuristics and biases, many of these biases in fact serve functional purposes (Petersen 2015); rather than viewing prospect theory as a documentation of deviations from rational models, for example, evolutionary psychology seeks to explain its origins (McDermott et al. 527, Annual Review of Political Science Social neuroscience explicitly focuses on how the neural level and social environment interact (Berntson & Cacioppo 2004, Holmes 2018). Incisive and influential, this wide-ranging review was framed around the “paradigms,” discussing what psychology can contribute to realism, liberal institutionalism, and constructivism. Figure 1: Change in the number and percentage of suicide bombings over time, 1970–2012. This shift has had two important consequences. By looking at the other methodological and substantive classifications that authors select when submitting political psychology manuscripts and comparing these selections to the overall prevalence of each classification across ISQ submissions as a whole, we can systematically characterize the questions that political psychologists in IR are and are not working on and speak more systematically about the current state of the field.2. Based on an analysis of graduate syllabi, Colgan (2016) finds evidence that IR is increasingly moving away from political science, but within political psychology, at least, the two are increasingly moving together. (2009), for example, draw on behavioral genetics to study the origins of aggression, using laboratory studies to show that participants who carry the low-activity allele of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene who also experienced traumatic events in their early lives are more likely to respond aggressively to provocation. Recent developments in psychological approaches to IR—which parallel all of these changes—constitute a microcosm of the broader transformations IR has undergone over the past two decades, making this an apt moment to take stock of how psychological research in IR has evolved and where it might be going in the future. For example, operating from a bounded rationality perspective, Rho & Tomz (2017) study not only how information deficits distort trade preferences, but also the role of social preferences like egoism and altruism (Kertzer & Rathbun 2015). Vol. “Political Psychology in International Relations: Beyond the Paradigms.” Annual Review of Political Science. In the United States, the election of Donald Trump has left IR scholars frequently reaching for psychological frameworks, usually rooted in personality traits, to explain his behavior, but even before Trump, the long shadow cast by figures like George W. Bush, Tony Blair, Angela Merkel, Osama bin Laden, and Vladimir Putin have raised questions about the ways in which individuals matter in world politics more generally (Byman & Pollack 2001). Chung, unpublished book manuscript)—whether racial, ethnic, gender, or religious—than IR does as a whole. 584, Annual Review of Political Science We begin, first, by noting the increased interest in psychological work in IR, attributing this growth to a set of developments occurring both on the world stage and in the sociology of the discipline. It also uses cookies for the purposes of performance measurement. The relationship between politics and psychology is considered bidirectional, with psychology being used as a lens for understanding politics and politics being used as a lens for understanding psychology. 2015); and, at the leader level, are less likely to initiate conflict (Horowitz & Stam 2014). (2016) turn to the Schwartz (1992) personal value framework to show that the same personal values that predict everything from consumption decisions to the majors that students choose in college also predict foreign policy preferences. 19: 571, Annual Review of Political Science - 215 21: Perhaps the most distinctive change in the study of psychology in international politics in the past two decades has been the rise of neurobiological and evolutionary approaches. Vol. 2016; Tingley 2011; Tingley & Walter 2011a,b), or incorporating psychological insights into bargaining models or game theoretic work (e.g., Little & Zeitzoff 2017, O'Neill 1999, Streich & Levy 2016). - 362, Annual Review of Political Science 455 23: - 287, Annual Review of Sociology 1737 Cambridge St. Cambridge, MA 02138Contact, Copyright © 2020 The President and Fellows of Harvard College, Political Psychology in International Relations: Beyond the Paradigms, Abstraction and Detail in Experimental Design, Creating Climate Coalitions: Mass Preferences for Compensating Vulnerability in the World's Two Largest Democracies, The Enemy of my Enemy is not my Friend: Arabic Twitter Sentiment Toward ISIS and the United States, The Effects of Naming and Shaming on Public Support for Compliance with International Agreements: An Experimental Analysis of the Paris Agreement, Sparse Multilevel Regression (and Poststratification (sMRP)), Revolutionizing Teaching and Research with a Structured Debate Platform. 356, Annual Review of Political Science The Political Psychology of Counterterrorism, The Consequences of Contention: Understanding the Aftereffects of Political Conflict and Violence, Psychology and International Relations Theory, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEORY AND POLICY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, Antisocial Personality as a Neurodevelopmental Disorder, The Neurobiology of Individual Differences in Complex Behavioral Traits, Modern Approaches to Conceptualizing and Measuring Human Life Stress, TAKING STOCK: The Constructivist Research Program in International Relations and Comparative Politics, Conflict and Cooperation on Nuclear Nonproliferation, The Use of Case Studies in Law and Social Science Research, Rational Choice Theory and Empirical Research: Methodological and Theoretical Contributions in Europe, The Consequences of the Internet for Politics, How International Actors Help Enforce Domestic Deals, Domestic Explanations of International Relations, Rationalist Approaches to Conflict Prevention and Resolution, BARGAINING THEORY AND INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT, The Causes and Consequences of Arms Races, DOMESTIC POLITICS, FOREIGN POLICY, AND THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, THE CAUSES OF WAR AND THE CONDITIONS OF PEACE, Studying Leaders and Elites: The Personal Biography Approach, Nukes with Numbers: Empirical Research on the Consequences of Nuclear Weapons for International Conflict, LGBT Politics and American Political Development, The Big Five Personality Traits in the Political Arena, Field Experiments Across the Social Sciences, International Influences on Elections in New Multiparty States, Hobbesian Hierarchy: The Political Economy of Political Organization, How Domestic Is Domestic Politics? 127 1 - 579, Annual Review of Environment and Resources Vol. Political psychology is an interdisciplinary academic field, a branch of social psychology dedicated to understanding politics, politicians and political behavior from a psychological perspective. 17: 437 Vol. - 20: Just as many critiques of rational choice are often critiques of particular modeling assumptions rather than of the core notion of actors guided by a particular set of beliefs making choices under a particular set of constraints (Snidal 2002), many critiques of political psychology are really critiques of particular psychological theories or empirical strategies; psychology, like rational choice, is insufficiently monolithic to falsify tout court. It is not coincidental that Byman & Pollack's (2001) entreaty to study leaders in IR was titled “Let Us Now Praise Great Men.” One of the consequences of studying leaders idiographically is that it reifies this “mythos of Metternich,” leading to an automatic assumption that decision makers in world politics are systematically different from the citizens they govern—and, by implication, from the kinds of subjects who more routinely participate in psychological lab experiments (Kertzer 2016, p. 160). - Third, in contrast to the reductionism of earlier attempts to incorporate human nature into political science, genetic, biological, and evolutionary work often combines and inverts levels of analysis, similar to the first-image-reversed scholarship discussed above. Vol. Vol. Vol. 259 First, as the flagship journal of the International Studies Association (ISA), ISQ represents the breadth and variety of IR scholarship being conducted by members of the ISA, the largest scholarly association devoted to the study of IR. Vol. Vol. 475, Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior As Goldgeier & Tetlock (2001) argue, however, even work that is not self-consciously psychological often rests on psychological microfoundations. Political Psychology in International Relations: Beyond the Paradigms. 303 Vol. 333 A similar movement has taken place in agentic constructivism, which has become especially interested in what Kahneman (2011) calls “System I” processing, whether in the form of habit-based or nonreflexive logics of action (e.g., Bially Mattern 2011, Holmes & Traven 2015, Hopf 2010, Pouliot 2008) or the study of affect more generally (Crawford 2000, Hall & Ross 2015, Mercer 2010). Behavioral work in IPE should similarly be able to offer insights for behavioral economics more broadly. However, as nonstandard preferences have become less exotic in economics—the UK, US, and Australian governments have all recently launched initiatives to apply behavioral insights to policy making—so too have they become more widely accepted in political science, such that Hafner-Burton et al. 48, Annual Review of Political Science 181 229, Annual Review of Sociology This review therefore looks ...Read More, This article reviews the existing literature, mostly from political science, on suicide bombing. 419 Some of this work focuses on the origin and nature of preferences for particular economic policies. WHAT IS ETHNIC IDENTITY AND DOES IT MATTER? 313 Vol. Vol. Vol. Finally, one of the appeals of evolutionary political psychological approaches is the extent to which they offer a unifying framework, promoting a psychology that is explanatory rather than simply a descriptive assortment of empirical regularities. Political Institutions and the Scope for Action, Political Effects of International Migration, Complicit States and the Governing Strategy of Privilege Violence: When Weakness Is Not the Problem. 83, Annual Review of Political Science In international relations (IR), researchers have typically narrowed the study of psychology and politics to (a) individuals or small groups, and (b) cognitive psychological processes and approaches in order to understand foreign policy and other behaviors in international politics. 22: Moreover, because the journal caps the number of classifications for each manuscript, the analysis in this review likely undercounts political psychological work. 396, Annual Review of Sociology - - Political philosophy is a science about the most common grounds, boundaries and possibilities of politics, about the correlation in it of the objective and subjective, regular and accidental, existing and proper, rational and non-rational.The question of the foundations of politics has the difficulty that these grounds are different in the East and the West, in traditional and modern societies. Vol. 14: 16: Department of Political Science and School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; email: Department of Political Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; email: Department of Political Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322; email: University of Chicago Law School, Chicago, Illinois 60637; email: Harris School of Public Policy and Department of Political Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; email: Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208; and Peace Research Institute of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; email: Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08450; email: Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; email: Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; email: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; email: Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; email: Department of Political Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511; email: Department of Political Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA; email: School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany; email: Department of Political Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037; email: Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; email: Department of Government, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA; email: School of Global Policy and Strategy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; email: Department of Politics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544; email: Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; email: Department of Political Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; email: Department of Politics, New York University, New York, New York 10012. 360, Annual Review of Political Science Vol. Individual values and cosmopolitan allegiance, Due deference: cosmopolitan social identity and the psychology of legal obligation in international politics, Multilevel analyses and reductionism: why social psychologists should care about neuroscience and vice versa, Are voters sensitive to terrorism? - 197, Annual Review of Political Science 244, Annual Review of Political Science Third, we focus our attention on six developments in particular. 17: - 467, Annual Review of Sociology 5: 201 Third, a shift has occurred in how IR scholars, like social scientists more generally, are beginning to understand the relationship between psychology and rationality. These studies are unlikely to involve real-time crisis scenarios; elites in certain types of political systems are less likely to be amenable to experimentation, and by definition, the more elite the sample, the smaller its size. 1985, Larson 1985, Levy 2013, Stein 2017)—the past decade and a half has witnessed a surge of interest, including in areas of the field that were historically less disposed to psychological work. “Political Psychology and Foreign Policy.” In Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, ed. 167 65: Vol. Vol. 181, Annual Review of Political Science International legal scholars, for example, are beginning to sketch out what a behavioral international law (Broude 2015, Van Aaken 2014) would look like. As the radar plots in Figures 1 and 2 illustrate, although psychological work in IR is well represented in the study of conflict and security, it remains relatively underrepresented in IPE. The plot depicts the 20 substantive classification rates with the largest percentage point difference between political psychology submissions to International Studies Quarterly (ISQ) (red) and non–political psychology submissions (blue). 223 Liberman (2007) shows how individual differences in punitiveness predict foreign policy preferences, while Gries (2014) and Kertzer et al. - 1962). 345, Annual Review of Psychology First, although political scientists have become adept importers of psychological insights, psychology is an active and multivocal discipline; importing selectively risks fostering the impression that far more consensus exists in psychology than may actually be the case. 30: 225 Work in these traditions is vast (for excellent reviews, see Lopez et al. J.D.K. The same models of costly signaling that scholars use in IR also exist in animal game theory (Maynard-Smith & Harper 2003, Searcy & Nowicki 2005). - 7: - 263 In this sense, as we discuss below, the study of mass political behavior looms larger in contemporary political psychology work in IR than it did in previous eras, which were perhaps more focused on elites. Figure 1b similarly presents a radar plot comparing the issue area classifications.4 The plot shows that political psychology remains overrepresented in the study of international security and foreign policy—perhaps reflecting the long-standing ties between psychology and foreign policy analysis (Hudson 2005, Kaarbo 2015, Snyder et al. In general, much of this work tends to focus on cold cognition rather than the role of emotions or affect (although see Sabet 2014). Vol. 21: 43: - 14: “Political Psychology in International Relations: Beyond the Paradigms.” Annual Review of Political Science. - 5: - 182, Annual Review of Political Science 289 - 452, Annual Review of Political Science Political psychology in international relations (IR) has undergone a dramatic transformation in the past two decades, mirroring the broader changes occurring … First, much of this neurobiological revolution (McDermott & Hatemi 2014) on questions of war and peace is occurring outside of political science. Comparisons of Turkish leaders across different institutional positions, Known unknowns: power shifts, uncertainty, and war, Students as experimental participants: a defense of the “narrow data base”, The end of international relations theory, Personality and foreign policy: Tony Blair's Iraq decisions, New directions for IPE: drawing from behavioral economics, Men's physical strength moderates conceptualizations of prospective foes in two disparate societies, How can economic interests influence support for free trade, Behavioral consequences of probabilistic precision: experimental evidence from national security professionals, When leaders matter: rebel experience and nuclear proliferation, Presidential personality: not just a nuisance, The “operational code”: a neglected approach to the study of political leaders and decision making, Personality and political attitudes: relationships across issue domains and political contexts, Terrorism and voting: the effect of rocket threat on voting in Israeli elections, Civil war and social cohesion: lab-in-the-field evidence from Nepal, Psychology and international relations theory, The second image reversed: the international sources of domestic politics, Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations, The political legacies of combat: attitudes toward war and peace among Israeli ex-combatants, The behavioral revolution and the study of international relations, How activists perceive the utility of international law, Attitudes toward highly skilled and low-skilled immigration: evidence from a survey experiment, Exposure to violence and attitudes towards transitional justice, The personal touch: leaders' impressions, costly signaling, and assessments of sincerity in international affairs, Anger, hatred, and the quest for peace: Anger can be constructive in the absence of hatred, Is ethnicity identifiable?
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