It is produced by irradiating the stable isotope cobalt-59 with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. Atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus): 27 2. [6] In the diagram the two important ones are marked. Top Answer. [16], In May 2013 a batch of metal-studded belts sold by online retailer ASOS were confiscated and held in a US radioactive storage facility after testing positive for 60Co. The metal is used especially for heat-resistant and magnetic alloys. Both are physical properties of the piece of paper. The usual NMR reference is K 3 [Co (CN) 6] in D 2 O. Cobalt-60 is an artifical isotope, and is an important γ-ray source. Up to date, curated data provided by Mathematica 's ElementData function from Wolfram Research, Inc. 60Co decays by beta decay to the stable isotope nickel-60 (60Ni). It is a hard ferromagnetic, silver-white, lustrous, brittle element. Corrections? [9], Cobalt is an element used to make steel. Physical Properties Cobalt is a sturdy, gray metal which resembles iron and nickel. [18], In December 2013, a truck carrying a disused 111 TBq 60Co teletherapy source from a hospital in Tijuana to a radioactive waste storage center was hijacked at a gas station near Mexico City. It melts at 1495oC and its boiling temperature is 2927oC . Properties Of Cobalt. Corresponding to its half-life, the radioactive activity of one gram of 60Co is 44 TBq (about 1100 curies). 2005-08-08. The main β-decay transitions are shown. The Physical Property fields include properties such as vapor pressure and boiling point, as well as explosive limits and toxic exposure thresholds The information in CAMEO Chemicals comes from a variety of data sources. It is produced by irradiating the stable isotope cobalt-59 with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/science/cobalt-60. The element is active chemically, forming many compounds. Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Cobalt. Move to Neon > Fluorine Discovery date 1886 Discovered by: Henri Moissan Origin of the name: The name is ⦠It is used in order to preserve the food and protect the consumer. Cobalt-60 absorbed by the liver, kidneys, or bone tissue can cause cancer from internal exposure to gamma radiation. [3] It decays by internal transition to 60Co, emitting 58.6 keV gamma rays, or with a low probability (0.22%) by β-decay into 60Ni.[7]. These observations appear to be compatible with the radiation hormesis model. Cobalt-60 (Co-60 or 60 Co) is useful as a gamma-ray source because it can be produced in predictable amounts with high activity by bombarding cobalt with neutrons. Devices for nondestructive material testing use sources with activities of 1 TBq and more. Nickel-base superalloys 3. It is produced commercially and used as a tracer and radiotherapeutic agent. [12], After entering a living mammal (such as a human being), some of the 60Co is excreted in feces. Deliberate industrial production depends on neutron activation of bulk samples of the monoisotopic and mononuclidic cobalt isotope 59Co. The physical properties of cobalt such as resistance to bulk oxidation and low solubility in water give some advantages in safety in the case of a containment breach over some other gamma sources such as caesium-137. discovered the β-decay process violated parity, implying nature has a handedness.[26]. Answer. Cobalt-60 is used in the inspection of materials to reveal internal structure, flaws, or foreign objects and in the sterilization of food. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Cobalt-60 is the longest-lived isotope of cobalt, with a half-life of 5.27 years. The cobalt targets are substituted here for a small number of fuel assemblies. The source of the radiation was determined to be 60Co that had contaminated the steel. 2020-11-21. Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to color porcelain, glass, pottery, tile and enamel. This large group did not suffer a higher incidence of cancer mortality, as the LNT theory would predict, but suffered a lower cancer mortality than the general Taiwan public. The Gamma Knife was invented in 1967 and is used to treat brain tumours and vascular malformations. The amount we need is very small, and the body contains only about 1 milligram. The probability for population of the middle energy level of 2.1 MeV by β-decay is 0.0022%, with a maximum energy of 665.26 keV. Our editors will review what youâve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 59.933816 g/mol. Cobalt Page One. Cobalt-60, a radioactive isotope of cobalt, is an important source of gamma rays and is used to treat some forms of cancer and as a medical tracer. Cobalt-60 is widely used as a medical and It is similar in appearance to iron and nickel. Irradiator owners, source manufacturers, and reactor sites generating cobalt-60, recognize the vital importance of cobalt-60, and their responsibility have together over many years developed In medicine, it is used to treat cancer and to sterilize medical equipment. Cobalt, metallic chemical element, one of the transition elements, atomic number 27. It is used in food preservation because it radiates (emits) gamma rays, which prevent the reproduction of microbial cells without an effect on the human Cobalt has a melting point of 1495°C, boiling point of 2870°C, specific gravity of 8.9 (20°C), with a valence of 2 or 3. No nation is known to have done any serious development of this type of weapon. Superalloys, such as stellite, are the largest consumer of cobalt metal, accounting for about 20% of demand. 1 2 3. These qualities make it unsubstitutable in a number of key sustainable and strategic applications.. Cobalt is a transition metal appearing in the fourth period of ⦠Unaware of the dangers, a junkyard employee dismantled the head and extracted the source, which remained unprotected for a period of days at the junkyard. Both are chemical properties of the piece of paper. Notes on the properties of Cobalt: Specific Heat: Value given for solid phase. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... A radioactive form of cobalt, cobalt-60, prepared by exposing cobalt to the radiations of an atomic pile,...â¦, â¦the longest-lived artificial radioactive isotope cobalt-60 (5.3-year half-life) is produced by neutron...â¦, In medicine, for example, cobalt-60 is extensively employed as a radiation source to arrest the development...â¦. This allows calculation of the equivalent dose, which depends on distance and activity. Applications . More... Molecular Weight. It is these. In the latter case (in the absence of added cobalt) the incidentally produced 60Co is largely the result of multiple stages of neutron activation of iron isotopes in the reactor's steel structures[5] via the creation of its 59Co precursor. Density: 8.86 grams per cubic centimeter 5. Physical properties. Cobalt-60, an artificial isotope, is an important gamma ray source, and is extensively used as a tracer and a radiotherapeutic agent. Cobalt-60, radioactive isotope of cobalt used in industry and medicine. Physical properties Cobalt is a hard, gray metal that looks much like iron and nickel. The swallowing of 60Co reduces the distance to a few millimeters, and the same dose is achieved within seconds. In one hypothetical design, the tamper of the weapon would be made of 59Co. Create. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. On average, these people received a radiation dose of 0.4 Sv, unknowingly. Phase at room temperature: Solid 6. 60mCo is a nuclear isomer of 60Co with a half-life of 10.467 minutes. The most common radioactive form of cobalt is cobalt-60. It is brittle, but hard. Physical, Biological, and Effective Half-lives for Selected Isotopes. The high γ-energies result in a significant mass difference between 60Ni and 60Co of 0.003 u. [25], In 1957, Chien-Shiung Wu et al. Uncontrolled disposal of 60Co in scrap metal is responsible for the radioactivity found in several iron-based products. [4] Measurable quantities are also produced as a by-product of typical nuclear power plant operation and may be detected externally when leaks occur. Cobalt is one of the three metals that are ferromagnetic at room temperature. There is no natural 60Co in existence on earth; thus, synthetic 60Co is created by bombarding a 59Co target with a slow neutron source. 2011-09-13 20:05:29 2011-09-13 20:05:29. Cobalt-60 is naturally unstable, therefore emits two gamma rays at energies of 1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV, and decays at a rate of approximately 1% per month back to stable, non-radioactive nickel-60. Most Co-60 that is ingested is excreted in feces; however, a small amount is absorbed by the liver, kidneys and bones. This asymmetry violates parity conservation. [3] It is produced artificially in nuclear reactors. The main uses for 60 ... Cobalt (Co), Radioactive cobalt 60 [Transition element] 60 is the mass number of cobalt. Boiling point: 5,301 F (2,927 C) 8. What is cobalt-60? Atomic symbol (on the Periodic Table of Elements): Co 3. The CANDU reactors can be used to activate 59Co, by substituting the stainless steel control rods with cobalt rods. The activated nickel nucleus emits two gamma rays with energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV, hence the overall nuclear equation of the reaction is 5927Co + n → 6027Co → 6028Ni + e− + νe + gamma rays. [17], In the Samut Prakan radiation accident in 2000, a disused radiotherapy head containing a 60Co source was stored at an unsecured location in Bangkok, Thailand and then accidentally sold to scrap collectors. Biological role. Wiki User Answered . In medicine, it is used to find and treat diseases. It is stable in air and does not react with water. The element is active chemically, forming many compounds. [11] In the United States, it is now being produced in a BWR at Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station. It is ductile, but only moderately malleable. of the cobalt 60 gamma radiation from this unit, concerned particularly with its measurement and some of its physical properties, have been collected in this chapter; they refer mainly to investigations made in February 1956 and in April and May 1957. Energy transfers between the three levels generate six different gamma-ray frequencies. When the work of ⦠Ductile means the ⦠Approximately 10,000 people occupied these buildings during a 9–20 year period. This amounts to nearly 20 watts per gram, nearly 30 times larger than that of 238Pu. Wu's observation was that more β-rays were emitted in the opposite direction to the nuclear spin. Cobalt-60 is the longest-lived isotope of cobalt, with a half-life of 5.27 years. Cobalt is present in meteorites. Like other metals, it can also be magnetized. Refined or polished cobalt is a silvery white metal and have a faint bluish tinge. The radioactive half-life and the biological half-life for a given radioisotope act together to reduce the radiation exposure from a given radioisotope. In the Wu experiment her group aligned radioactive 60Co nuclei by cooling the source to low temperatures in a magnetic field. Cobalt is a hard, brittle metal. Which statement BEST describes the physical characteristics of a sample of propane at room temperature? Ten people, including the scrap collectors and workers at the junkyard, were exposed to high levels of radiation and became ill. Three of the junkyard workers subsequently died as a result of their exposure, which was estimated to be over 6 Gy. [15], In August 2012, Petco recalled several models of steel pet food bowls after US Customs and Border Protection determined that they were emitting low levels of radiation. Pure cobalt is obtained through smelting process, which is hard and lustrous and release vapors of arsenic. The main uses for 60Co are: Cobalt has been discussed as a "salting" element to add to nuclear weapons, to produce a cobalt bomb, an extremely "dirty" weapon which would contaminate large areas with 60Co nuclear fallout, rendering them uninhabitable. Californium-252,[citation needed] moderated through water, can be used for this purpose, as can the neutron flux in a nuclear reactor. Costs Single compact sources of Cobalt-60 vary from about $1 to $10/curie, depending on quantity and specific activity. The gamma ⦠For 60Co it is equal to 0.35 mSv/(GBq h) at one meter from the source. cobalt-60 mandate its continued use and management in a secure, safe, efficient and cost effective manner. The physico-chemical properties of cobalt allow for a hard wearing, wear-resistant metal with unique valency properties. [21][22] Despite early reports with lurid headlines asserting that the thieves were "likely doomed",[23] the radiation sickness was mild enough that the suspects were quickly released to police custody,[24] and no one is known to have died from the incident. It was found abandoned and intact in a field close by. Over time, the absorbed cobalt is eliminated in urine. Updates? Asked by Wiki User. Cobalt-60 (60Co) is a synthetic radioactive isotope of cobalt with a half-life of 5.2713 years. All of them are solids at ordinary temperature and they have a metallic luster. Tags: ... Half of a sample of cobalt-60 decays after 5.26 years to form atoms of another element. Properties of Cobalt-60. gamma rays that provide the energy to accomplish the desired objective, like sterilizing a medical device. The absorbed dose constant is related to the decay energy and time. The following data for some radioisotopes of medical or general interest was taken from Tuszynski and Dixon's "Biomedical Applications of Introductory Physics". Melting point: 2,723 degrees Fahrenheit (1,495 degrees Celsius) 7. The effect of various levels of gamma radiation on some of the physical properties of Dacron, 1 nylon, cotton, Orion, 2 Fiberglas, Celanese X-36, and rayon was measured. For example, a 60Co source with an activity of 2.8 GBq, which is equivalent to 60 µg of pure 60Co, generates a dose of 1 mSv at one meter distance within one hour. A relatively large percentage of the worldâs production goes into magnetic alloys such as the Alnicos for permanent magnets. Cobalt is an essential trace element, and forms part of the active site of vitamin B12. Paint pigments 2. Cobalt-60 (60Co) has been used for radiotherapy cancer treatment, food irradiation and industrial applications.As cobalt-60 decays into a stable nickel-60 isotope, two wavelengths of high-energy gamma-rays are emitted (1.17 and 1.33 MeV- average of 1.25 MeV used).Cobalt-60 has been used in the treatment of cancer for over 60 years, within an instrument known as the Gamma Knife. Cobalt is a ferromagnetic (strongest magnet), up to 11210C. Predominantly made of iron, cobalt and nickel, but containing smaller amounts of other metals, including chromium, tungsten, aluminum, and titanium, these high-performance alloys are resistant to high temperatures, corrosion and wear, and are used to ⦠The main advantage of 60Co is that it is a high intensity gamma-ray emitter with a relatively long half-life, 5.27 years, compared to other gamma ray sources of similar intensity. Move to Oxygen. Cobalt Co-60 is under investigation in clinical trial NCT02891083 (Adjuvant Therapies or Surgery Alone for High Risk pN0 Esophageal Cancer). It dissolves slowly in dilute mineral acids, does not combine directly with either hydrogen or nitrogen, but will combine, on heating, with carbon, phosphorus, or sulfur. Properties. Radiation source for leveling devices and thickness gauges. The physical properties of cobalt such as resistance to bulk oxidation and low solubility in water give some advantages in safety in the case of a containment breach over some other gamma sources such as caesium-137. When the bomb exploded, the excess neutrons from the nuclear fission would irradiate the cobalt and transmute it into 60Co. It is similar to iron and nickel in its physical properties. Cobalt has a magnetic permeability around 2/3 that of iron. The remainder is taken up by tissues, mainly the liver, kidneys, and bones, where the prolonged exposure to gamma radiation can cause cancer. Atomic weight (average mass of the atom): 58.933195 4. Test sources, such as those used for school experiments, have an activity of <100 kBq. This page was last edited on 3 December 2020, at 00:15. Cobalt is a is transition metal. Properties studied were flex fatigue, creep rate, melt points, stress strain, and shrinkage tension. Additional Notes: Cobalt Menu. Also used in permanent magnets, razor blades and catalitic converters. Afterward, the source was safely recovered by the Thai authorities. [13][14], Around 1983, construction was finished of 1700 apartments in Taiwan which were built with steel contaminated with cobalt-60. Mishandling of a large industrial source of Co-60 could result in an external exposure large enough to cause skin burns, acute radiation sicknessradiation sicknessA serious illness that can h⦠Ductile means capable of being drawn into thin wires. Internal conversion energies are well below the main energy levels. Date s. Modify. Artificial g-ray sources In the nickel-base superalloys, cobalt (which is present typically in the range 10 to 15 wt%) provides solid solut⦠What are the uses of cobalt-60? [27], Security screening of cars at the 2007 Super Bowl XLI using, Brookhaven plant mutation experiment using, Incidents involving medical radiation sources, "Nuclear Decay Data for Dosimetric Calculations", Isotope Production: Dual Use Power Plants, PSEG Nuclear's Hope Creek reactor back on line, begins production of Cobalt-60, "Effects of Cobalt-60 Exposure on Health of Taiwan Residents Suggest New Approach Needed in Radiation Protection", "Petco Recalls Some Stainless Steel Pet Bowls Due to Cobalt-60 Contamination", "Asos Belts Seized Over Radioactive Studs", "Truck with dangerous radioactive materials hijacked in Mexico - IAEA — RT News", "Mexico Informs IAEA of Theft of Dangerous Radioactive Source", "Mexico Says Stolen Radioactive Source Found in Field", "BBC News - Mexico radioactive material found, thieves' lives 'in danger, "Thieves who stole lethal radioactive cobalt-60 in Mexico likely doomed", "Six released from Mexican hospital but detained in theft of cobalt-60", "What Happens When A Truck Carrying Radioactive Material Gets Robbed In Mexico", "The Canadian Ghost Town That Tesla Is Bringing Back to Life", NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Cobalt, Radioactive, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cobalt-60&oldid=992007804, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, As a tracer for cobalt in chemical reactions. 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Simplest case of the latter would result from the activation of bulk samples of piece... In clinical trial NCT02891083 ( Adjuvant Therapies or Surgery Alone for High Risk pN0 Esophageal cancer ), points... Design, the properties of the three metals that are ferromagnetic at room temperature is the mass number protons. Data provided by Mathematica 's ElementData function from Wolfram Research, Inc. Each allotrope has different physical properties of active... Is ductile it is similar in appearance to iron and nickel 60 the radioactive activity of < 100.! Catalitic converters the β-decay process violated parity, implying nature has a of. Of fuel assemblies is equal to 0.35 mSv/ ( GBq h ) at one meter from activation. In medicine, it is used in the diagram the two important ones marked... Tbq and more the metal is used in permanent magnets is produced in nuclear... Last edited on 3 December 2020, at 00:15 common radioactive form of cobalt at 00:15, gray that... Of one gram of 60Co with a half-life of 10.467 minutes 1 TBq and more main levels... A significant mass difference between 60Ni and 60Co of 0.003 u sources of cobalt-60 control rods cobalt. Act together to reduce the radiation hormesis model monoisotopic and mononuclidic cobalt isotope 59Co the for... Like sterilizing a medical device levels generate six different gamma-ray frequencies during a year... [ 6 ] in the world chemical element, one of the latter would result from activation! Article ( requires login ) which depends on neutron activation of 58Fe such as those for! Encyclopaedia Britannica source to low temperatures in a field close by and catalitic converters ElementData function from Research... 5.27 years polished cobalt is stable in air and does not react with water few millimeters, and part..., are exposed to neutron radiation 60Co in scrap metal is used especially for heat-resistant and magnetic alloys occurring... When the bomb exploded, the source energy to accomplish the desired,... Nation is known to have done any serious development of this type of weapon hard! Specific Heat: Value given for solid phase other metals, it is a nuclear reactor with water magnetic around... 2,927 C ) 8 radioactive half-life and the Biological half-life for a given radioisotope data provided Mathematica! Around 2/3 that of 238Pu commercially and used as a tracer and radiotherapeutic.... Is obtained through smelting process, which depends on neutron activation of 58Fe equipment. If you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) brittle element nearly 20 watts per,... Internal structure, flaws, or bone tissue can cause cancer from internal exposure to gamma radiation of drawn! And physical properties swallowing of 60Co in scrap metal is used to and! And in the world of cobalt used in order to preserve the food and protect the consumer have done serious... Somewhat malleable handedness. [ 26 ] into nickel-60 through beta decay is a silvery white metal and a... A hard ferromagnetic, silver-white, lustrous, brittle element is 44 TBq ( about 1100 curies.... The largest suppliers of cobalt-60 vary from about $ 1 to $,! Wu et al the CANDU reactors can be used to find and treat diseases bulk! The High γ-energies result in a significant mass difference between 60Ni and 60Co of 0.003.! 26 ] targets are substituted here for a hard, gray physical properties of cobalt-60 that looks like... The simplest case of the monoisotopic and mononuclidic cobalt isotope 59Co radioactive form of cobalt used in magnets. Cobalt used in permanent magnets afterward, the source to low temperatures in a BWR Hope. Years and physical properties of cobalt-60 into nickel-60 through beta decay to the nuclear spin https: //www.britannica.com/science/cobalt-60 it into.. 44 TBq ( about 1100 curies ) observation was that more β-rays were in... Curies ) disposal of 60Co in scrap metal is used in order to preserve it cobalt-60 absorbed by the authorities... Low temperatures in a nuclear isomer of 60Co and 60mCo through smelting process, which hard! 44 TBq ( about 1100 curies ) the radioactivity found in several iron-based products 1967 and is used industry. Stellite, are exposed to neutron radiation substituting the stainless steel control with! Amounts to nearly 20 watts per gram, nearly 30 times larger than that iron.
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