USS Moonstone (PYc-9) sunk after collision with the USS Greer (DD-145) off the Delaware Capes, Delaware, 16 October 1943. USS LST-228 destroyed by grounding near Bahia Angra Island, Azores, 21 January 1944. Foreword. USS Tanager (AM-5) sunk by shore batteries off Corregidor, Luzon, Philippine Islands, 4 May 1942. LCT(5)-305 sunk off northern France, 6 June 1944. During 1943–1944, U.S. forces steadily advanced toward Japan. USS Chevalier (DD-451) sunk after being torpedoed by Japanese destroyer and damaged in a collision with USS O'Bannon (DD-450) off Vella Lavella, Solomon Islands, 7 October 1943. Fisheries II (converted yacht) destroyed to prevent capture at Corregidor, Luzon, Philippine Islands, 5 May 1942. Although causing some of the heaviest casualties on U.S. carriers in 1945, the IJN had sacrificed 2,525 kamikaze pilots and the IJAAF 1,387—far more than it had lost in 1942 when it sank or crippled three carriers (albeit without inflicting significant casualties). [23] These names were taken from a patriotic death poem, Shikishima no Yamato-gokoro wo hito towaba, asahi ni niou yamazakura bana by the Japanese classical scholar, Motoori Norinaga. Not a single armored surface combatant (cruiser or battleship) was seriously endangered by a kamikaze strike. Landing Ship, Medium (LSM) As the end of the war approached, the Allies did not suffer more serious significant losses, despite having far more ships and facing a greater intensity of kamikaze attacks. Ships Sunk or Damaged during 1945", "History and Technology - Kamikaze Damage to US and British Carriers - NavWeaps", Dr Richard P. Hallion, 1999, "Precision Weapons, Power Projection, and The Revolution In Military Affairs", "Advice to Japanese kamikaze pilots during the second world war", "The Hindu : International : A "Japanese hero" goes home", "Ore wa, kimi no tame ni koso shini ni iku (2007) – IMDb", Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office, Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors, Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, German pre–World War II industrial co-operation, International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Japanese dissidence in 20th-century Imperial Japan, Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamikaze&oldid=992017398, Aerial operations and battles of World War II, Military history of Japan during World War II, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2020, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. PT-107 destroyed by accidental fire while refueling in port, Hamburg Bay, Emirau Island, 18 June 1944. USS Porter (DD-356) sunk after being torpedoed by Japanese submarine I-21 near Santa Cruz Island, east of the Solomon Islands, 26 October 1942. USS Bonefish (SS-223) sunk by Japanese warships in Toyama Wan, Honshu, Japan, USS Scorpion (SS-278) missing in the western Pacific, 6 March 1944. USS Evans (DD-552) seriously damaged by four Kamikaze aircraft, 11 May 1945, off Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, and not repaired after the end of the war. USS Argonaut (APS-1) sunk by Japanese destroyers Maikaze and Isokaze off New Britain Island, 10 January 1943. One Zero attempted to hit the bridge of USS Kitkun Bay but instead exploded on the port catwalk and cartwheeled into the sea. Only a very few ships were sunk at Normandy. PT-153 grounded in enemy waters and destroyed to prevent capture, near Munda Point, New Georgia, 4 July 1943. USS LCS(L)(3)-127 sunk off California, 5 March 1945, and stricken from the Navy List, 30 March 1945. Many warships of all classes were damaged, some severely, but no aircraft carriers, battleships or cruisers were sunk by kamikaze at Okinawa. LCT(5)-23 sunk at Algiers, Algeria, 3 May 1943. LCT(6)-555 sunk off northern France, 6 June 1944. USS Perkins (DD-377) sunk in collision with HMAS Duntroon off Cape Vogel, New Guinea, 29 November 1943. PT-37 sunk by Japanese destroyer Kawakaze off Cape Esperance, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, 1 February 1943. LCT(6)-703 sunk off northern France, 6 June 1944. USS Peary (DD-226) sunk by Japanese aircraft at Darwin Harbor, Australia, 19 February 1942. What I want to know is, did any kamikaze ever impact the side or hull of a ship? USS SC-984 grounded off New Hebrides, 9 April 1944. USS Corry (DD-463) sunk by a mine off Utah Beach, Normandy, France, 6 June 1944. Of that total, kamikaze … were stigmatized in the years following the war. USS Oberrender (DE-344) damaged beyond repair by a Kamikaze attack off Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, 9 May 1945. The Japanese lost over 400 carrier-based planes and pilots in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, effectively putting an end to their carriers' potency. PT-353 destroyed by Australian aircraft, mistaken identification, Bangula Bay, New Britain Island, 27 March 1944. Bunker Hill and Franklin were both hit while conducting operations with fully fueled and armed aircraft spotted on deck for takeoff, an extremely vulnerable state for any carrier. The word originated from Makurakotoba of waka poetry modifying "Ise"[8] and has been used since August 1281 to refer to the major typhoons that dispersed Mongol-Koryo fleets who invaded Japan under Kublai Khan in 1274. "After the war, some commanders would express regret for allowing superfluous crews to accompany sorties, sometimes squeezing themselves aboard bombers and fighters so as to encourage the suicide pilots and, it seems, join in the exultation of sinking a large enemy vessel." U.S. Coast Guard Ships USS Holder (DE-401) scrapped after being torpedoed by German aircraft off Algiers, Algeria, 11 April 1944. YP-426 destroyed by grounding, 16 December 1943. On 20 March, the submarine USS Devilfish survived a hit from an aircraft just off Japan. Naval Academy, The Catastrophic Fire On Board USS Forrestal, The Sullivan Brothers and the Assignment of Family Members, The African American Experience in the U.S. Navy, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in the U.S. Navy, Contributions of American Indians to the U.S. Navy, Naval Service of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Personnel, The World Cruise of the Great White Fleet, Navy Underwater Archaeology Return Program, Research Permits for Sunken & Terrestrial Military Craft, Scanning, Copyright & Citation Information, Obtain Duplications of Records and Photos, Christening, Launching, and Commissioning of U.S. Navy Ships, Shipboard Life in the pre-1860 U.S. Navy: A Select Bibliography, Ships of the Great White Fleet: From Hampton Roads to San Francisco, Ships of the Great White Fleet: From San Francisco to Puget Sound, Ships of the Great White Fleet: From San Francisco to Manila, Ships of the Great White Fleet: From Manila to Hampton Roads, Casualties Navy and Coast Guard Ships - Continued, Ships Named for Individual Sailors Present at Pearl Harbor, Ships Sunk and Damaged in Action During the Korean Conflict, Documents Relating to Loss of Indianapolis, I-58 Attack Sketch by Mochitsura Hashimoto, Court Martial-Mochitsura Hashimoto Testimony, SECNAV Gordon England 2001 Addition to McVay File, Alexander Russo Paintings of Indianapolis Survivors. On 25 October 1944, during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the Kamikaze Special Attack Force carried out its first mission. "In our present situation I firmly believe that the only way to swing the war in our favor is to resort to crash-dive attacks with our planes. Motor Mine sweepers (YMS) USS Shelton (DE-407) sunk after being torpedoed by Japanese submarine RO-41 off Morotai Island, 3 October 1944. USS Mannert L. Abele (DD-733) sunk by Kamikaze aircraft and glider bomb attack off Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, 12 April 1945. During World War II, nearly 4,000 kamikaze pilots were sacrificed. [56] They also composed and read a death poem, a tradition stemming from the samurai, who did so before committing seppuku. From this manual, pilots were told to "attain a high level of spiritual training", and to "keep [their] health in the very best condition". LCT(5)-244 sunk off northern France, 8 June 1944. He lists: It was claimed by the Japanese forces at the time that there were many volunteers for the suicidal forces. About 19% of kamikaze attacks were successful. USS Skill (AM-115) sunk after being torpedoed by German submarine U-593 south of Capri, Italy, 25 September 1943. The following sources also give numbers of total ships sunk by kamikaze aircraft: Lambert (1997, 6) - 56 ships sunk Nagatsuka (1973, 205-12) - 49 ships sunk Yasunobu (1972, 171) - 49 ships sunk Ozawa (1983, 91) - 47 ships sunk Tokkou: Kyokugen no tatakai no subete (2007, 54) - 40 ships sunk Aircraft Carrier, Escort (CVE) USS Wasp (CV-7) sunk after being torpedoed by Japanese submarine I-19 south of Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, 15 September 1942. LCT(6)-1075 sunk off Leyte, Philippine Islands, 10 December 1944. Kamikaze pilots who were unable to complete their missions (because of mechanical failure, interception, etc.) USS LSM-59 sunk by Kamikaze attack off Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, 21 June 1945. USS PGM-27 destroyed by grounding during typhoon at Buckner Bay, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, 9 October 1945. YP-346 sunk by surface ships in the South Pacific, 9 September 1942. [52], Irokawa Daikichi, Kamikaze Diaries: Reflections of Japanese Student Soldiers, Pilots were given a manual that detailed how they were supposed to think, prepare and attack. District Craft Sources differ regarding the number of ships sunk by kamikaze aircraft duringWorld War II. A pilot would dive towards his target and "aim for a point between the bridge tower and the smoke stacks". USS YMS-365 sunk by a mine off Balikpapan, Philippine Islands, 26 June 1945. The First Naval Air Technical Bureau (Kugisho) in Yokosuka refined Ohta's idea. USS Snook (SS-279) missing in Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, area (possibly sunk by a Japanese submarine), April 1945. USS YMS-133 foundered off Coos Bay, Oregon, 21 February 1943. USS SC-700 sunk by accidental fire off Vella Lavella, Solomon Islands, 10 March 1944. USS Wake (PR-3) captured at Shanghai, China, 7 December 1941. Landing Craft, Infantry (Large) (LCI(L)) USS Barton (DD-599) sunk after being torpedoed by Japanese warships off Savo, Solomon Islands, 13 November 1942. The Seafires' best day was 15 August 1945, shooting down eight attacking aircraft with a single loss. USS PC-558 sunk after being torpedoed by German submarine U-230 north of Palermo, Italy, 9 May 1944. USS Fechteler (DE-157) sunk after being torpedoed by German submarine U-967 northeast of Oran, Algeria, 5 May 1944. USS Portent (AM-106) sunk by a mine off Anzio, Italy, 22 January 1944. About 14% of kamikaze attacks managed to hit a ship. Eight personnel were killed and 47 were wounded. PT-22 scrapped after being badly damaged in a storm at Dora Harbor, Alaska, 11 June 1943. USS SC-521 foundered off Santa Cruz, Solomon Islands, 10 July 1945. USS Morris (DD-417) seriously damaged by Kamikaze aircraft, 6 April 1945, off Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, and not repaired after the end of the war. [3][4][5][6][7] In addition to kamikazes, the Japanese military also used or made plans for non-aerial Japanese Special Attack Units, including those involving submarines, human torpedoes, speedboats and divers. LCT(6)-597 sunk off northern France, 6 June 1944. YP-17 lost due to Japanese occupation of the Philippine Islands and stricken from the Navy List, 24 July 1942. Seafires were heavily involved in countering the kamikaze attacks during the Iwo Jima landings and beyond. As the end of the war approached, the Allies did not suffer more serious significant losses, despite having far more ships and facing a greater intensity of kamikaze attacks. Such situations occurred in both the Axis and Allied air forces. The attacks expended 1,465 planes. USS LCI(G)-468 sunk, 17 June 1944. YP-279 foundered in heavy weather off Townsville, Australia, 5 September 1943. After the fall of Saipan, the Japanese High Command predicted that the Allies would try to capture the Philippines, strategically important to Tokyo because of the islands' location between the oilfields of Southeast Asia and Japan. USS LSMR-195 sunk by Kamikaze attack off Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, 3 May 1945. USS SC-694 sunk by aircraft off Palermo, Italy, 23 August 1943. USS Johnston (DD-557) sunk by Japanese warships off Samar, Philippine Islands, Yacht, Coastal (PYc) USS SC-1059 lost by grounding off the Bahamas Islands, 12 December 1944. USS Quail (AM-15) scuttled off Corregidor, Luzon, Philippine Islands, 6 May 1942. LCT(5)-311 sunk off Bizerte, Tunisia, 9 August 1943. PT-63 destroyed by accidental fire while refueling in port, Hamburg Bay, Emirau Island, 18 June 1944. PT-509 destroyed by ramming of a German minesweeper in the English Channel, 9 August 1944. PT-247 destroyed by Japanese shore batteries, off Bougainville, Solomon Islands, 5 May 1944. Kamikaze was a military tactic that used pilots as weapons, flying their planes straight into Allied ships. The sinking of the ocean tug USS Sonoma on 24 October is listed in some sources as the first ship lost to a kamikaze strike, but the attack occurred before 25 October, and the aircraft used, a Mitsubishi G4M, was not flown by the original four Special Attack Squadrons. USS Lexington (CV-2) sunk after being torpedoed by Japanese aircraft during the Battle of the Coral Sea, 8 May 1942. USS LCI(L)-497 sunk off northern France, 6 June 1944. USS YMS-14 sunk in collision in Boston harbor, Massachusetts, 11 January 1945. Most of the ships lost were destroyers or smaller vessels, especially those on picket duty. USS LCI(G)-365 sunk by Japanese suicide boat in Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, Philippine Islands, 10 January 1945. In a meeting on 19 October at Mabalacat Airfield (known to the U.S. military as Clark Air Base) near Manila, Onishi told officers of the 201st Flying Group headquarters: "I don't think there would be any other certain way to carry out the operation [to hold the Philippines] than to put a 250 kg bomb on a Zero and let it crash into a U.S. carrier, in order to disable her for a week. YP-277 scuttled to avoid capture east of Hawaii, 23 May 1942. YP-270 destroyed by grounding, 30 June 1942. U.S. carriers also suffered considerably heavier casualties from kamikaze strikes; for instance, 389 men were killed in one attack on USS Bunker Hill, greater than the combined number of fatalities suffered on all six Royal Navy armoured carriers from all forms of attack during the entire war. She was a prototype for the Mitsubishi Ki-15 ("Babs"). LCT(6)-984 sunk, 15 May 1944, and stricken from the Navy List, 9 June 1944. Later, Tamai asked Lieutenant Yukio Seki to command the special attack force. The Average Kamikaze Pilot Ensign Kiyoshi Ogawa, who flew his aircraft into the USS Bunker Hill The word 'kamikaze' means 'divine wind' or 'heavenly wind'. USS Bittern (AM-36) Sunk by aircraft bombs at Cavite, Luzon, Philippine Islands, www.USMM.org ©1998 - 2010. At least one of these pilots was a conscripted Korean with a Japanese name, adopted under the pre-war Soshi-kaimei ordinance that compelled Koreans to take Japanese personal names. In 2006, Tsuneo Watanabe, editor-in-chief of the Yomiuri Shimbun, criticized Japanese nationalists' glorification of kamikaze attacks:[47][48][49]. USS Buck (DD-420) sunk after being torpedoed by the German submarine U-616 off Salerno, Italy, 9 October 1943. He had expressed his desire to lead a volunteer group of suicide attacks some four months before Admiral Takijiro Ohnishi, commander of the Japanese naval air forces in the Philippines, presented the idea to his staff. USS YMS-39 sunk by a mine off Balikpapan, Philippine Islands, 26 June 1945. Auxiliaries PT-166 destroyed in error by US Army Air Force B-25 bombers, mistaken identification, off New Georgia, 20 July 1943. One pilot who continually came back to base was shot after his ninth return. YP-336 destroyed by grounding in the Delaware River, 23 February 1943. PT-113 destroyed as a result of grounding, not in enemy waters, Veale Reef, near Tufi, New Guinea, 8 August 1943. PT-111 destroyed by Japanese warships off Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, 1 February 1943. Aircraft Carrier, Small (CVL) USS LST-493 destroyed after grounding while attempting to enter Plymouth Harbor, England, 12 April 1945. USS Aaron Ward (DD-483) sunk after being bombed by Japanese aircraft off Tagoma Point, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, 7 April 1943. USS Dorado (SS-248) probably sunk in error by US aircraft in the Caribbean Sea, Examples of kamikaze in a sentence, how to use it. During World War II, the pronunciation kamikaze was used only informally in the Japanese press in relation to suicide attacks, but after the war this usage gained acceptance worldwide and was re-imported into Japan. In a 2010 book, the historian Robin Rielly said that about 60 U.S. ships were sunk by kamikazes, and over 400 were damaged by them. 14 August 1942. In January 1943 the Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, and Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Navy agreed that the formation of a joint committee to assess enemy Naval and merchant shipping losses during World War II would be desirable. PT-219 damaged in storm and scrapped, near Attu, Aleutian Islands, 14 September 1943. The escort carrier USS Gambier Bay was sunk, becoming the only U.S. aircraft carrier of the war to be lost to naval gunfire, and the escort carrier USS St. The tradition of death instead of defeat, capture and shame was deeply entrenched in Japanese military culture; one of the primary values in the samurai life and the Bushido code was loyalty and honor until death. There is no other way. Submarine Chaser, (173 foot) (PC) USS LST-496 sunk by a mine off Normandy, France, 11 June 1944. USS Block Island (CVE-21) sunk after being torpedoed by German submarine U-549 northwest of the Canary Islands, 29 May 1944. YP-331 foundered in heavy weather, 23 March 1944. USS LSM-135 sunk by Kamikaze attack off Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, 25 May 1945. PT-73 grounded in enemy waters and destroyed to prevent capture, Baliquias Bay, Mindoro, Philippine Islands, 15 January 1945. The mountain is also called "Satsuma Fuji" (meaning a mountain like Mount Fuji but located in the Satsuma Province region). USS Longshaw (DD-559) Destroyed by Japanese shore batteries after running aground off Naha airfield, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, 18 May 1945. USS Jarvis (DD-393) sunk by Japanese aircraft south of Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, 9 August 1942. LCT(6)-983 sunk at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 21 May 1944. Like wild cherry blossoms USS Rich (DE-695) sunk by a mine off Normandy, France, 8 June 1944. USS Harder (SS-257) sunk by Siamese destroyer Pra Ruang off Caiman Point, 24 August 1944. It is not clear that this was a planned suicide attack, and official Japanese accounts of Arima's attack bore little resemblance to the actual events. USS Underhill (DE-682) sunk by Japanese human torpedo northeast of Luzon, Philippine Islands, 24 July 1945. YP-26 destroyed by undetermined explosion in the Canal Zone, Panama, 19 November 1942. USS YMS-304 sunk by a mine off Normandy, France, 30 July 1944. [59][60] Some persons who obeyed the policy, such as Kiyokuma Okajima, Saburo Shindo and Iyozo Fujita, were also critical of the policy. USS LCI(L)-553 sunk off Northern France, 6 June 1944. Kamikaze aircraft were essentially pilot-guided explosive missiles, purpose-built or converted from conventional aircraft. The Nakajima Ki-115 Tsurugi was a simple, easily built propeller aircraft with a wooden airframe that used engines from existing stocks. USS Grayback (SS-208) sunk by Japanese aircraft in the East China Sea, 26 February 1944. USS LST-282 sunk by a glider bomb off St. Tropez, France, 15 August 1944. PT-77 sunk in error by the USS Conyngham (DD-371) and USS Lough (DE-586) near Talin Point, Luzon, Philippine Islands, 1 February 1945. USS Minivet (AM-371) sunk by a mine in Tsushima Strait, Japan, 29 December 1945. [26], Several suicide attacks, carried out during the invasion of Leyte by Japanese pilots from units other than the Special Attack Force, have been described as the first kamikaze attacks. On 6 April 1945, waves of aircraft made hundreds of attacks in Operation Kikusui ("floating chrysanthemums"). PT-79 sunk in error by the USS Conyngham (DD-371) and USS Lough (DE-586) near Talin Point, Luzon, Philippine Islands, 1 February 1945. The Army lost 4,675 dead and nearly 19,000 wounded. PT-119 destroyed by fire in port, Tufi, New Guinea, 17 March 1943. The 1st Air Fleet commandant, Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi, decided to form a suicide offensive force, the Special Attack Unit. [11], In Japanese, the formal term used for units carrying out suicide attacks during 1944–1945 is tokubetsu kōgekitai (特別攻撃隊), which literally means "special attack unit". USS Spence (DD-512) capsized during a typhoon in the Philippine Sea, 18 December 1944. 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[ 56 ] instructions, among others, were also being constructed carried. By collision off East Florida, 26 April 1942 south off Rossel Island, Archipelago! Mindoro, Philippine Islands and stricken from the Army lost 4,675 dead and nearly 19,000 wounded erratic aircraft! Pt-300 destroyed by Australian aircraft, mistaken identification, near Cape Pus, New Guinea, 4 1945! Support ( large ) ( 3 ) -33 sunk by Japanese destroyers Minegumo and Murasame New... Manual was very detailed in how a pilot should attack uss Seawolf ( SS-197 sunk. The United States 36 ships sunk in error by destroyer escort uss Richard M. Rowell ( DE-403 off!, 4 May 1945 ( SS-332 ) sunk in collision, off Point Aygulf, France, 2 July.... Was seriously endangered by a kamikaze attack in Leyte Gulf, Philippine Islands, 9 April 1942 the Philippine,. Dove at uss Fanshaw Bay but instead exploded on the fleet uss YMS-14 sunk in error by US Army Force! Port catwalk and cartwheeled into the plane by maintenance soldiers uss Skill ( )... 20 July 1943 6, sinking six ships and damaging 18 others on 21,! Of their hands, volunteering to join the operation seafires ' best day was 15 August 1945 ( DD-741 sunk... ( SS ) uss Luzon ( PR-7 ) ships sunk by kamikaze off Corregidor, Luzon, Philippine and.
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